What is Differential Reinforcement?
Differential reinforcement is a core strategy used in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy that involves reinforcing a specific behavior while withholding reinforcement for other behaviors.
This technique helps increase desired behaviors and decrease interfering or interrupting behaviors by making appropriate responses more rewarding and effective.
Rather than using punishment or negative consequences, differential reinforcement focuses on:
- Encouraging positive change through motivation and consistency
- Teaching communication skills
- Reducing interfering behaviors
- Promoting functional skills
Differential reinforcement can take several forms, each targeting different behavior goals depending on the learner’s needs.
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Examples of Differential Reinforcement in ABA Therapy
Example 1: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
If a child frequently shouts to gain attention, a Behavior Technician might teach and reinforce the alternative behavior of tapping their shoulder, calling their name, raising their hand or using a communication device. The child receives reinforcement (attention) for the alternative behavior but not for shouting.
Example 2: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
A child who engages in ripping paper might be reinforced when their hands are busy with an activity such as clapping, coloring, or playing with a toy—behaviors that are physically incompatible with ripping paper.
Example 3: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
A behavior technician might reinforce a child for going a certain amount of time without engaging in an interfering behavior, such as hitting. For example, every 5 minutes the child refrains from hitting, they earn a token or preferred item.
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Why is Differential Reinforcement Effective in ABA?
Differential reinforcement is effective in ABA therapy because it:
- Helps learners understand what behaviors are more effective at meeting their needs.
- Instead of punishing a child for interrupting behavior, ABA behavior technicians teach and alternative responses
- This can lead to more lasting behavior change.
This method aligns with positive behavior support models and is supported by decades of research in applied behavior science. It promotes skill development, autonomy, and social engagement.
Types of Differential Reinforcement
- DRA (Alternative Behavior): Reinforce a behavior that serves the same function as the interfering behavior.
- DRI (Incompatible Behavior): Reinforce a behavior that cannot happen at the same time as the interfering behavior.
- DRO (Other Behavior): Reinforce the absence of the interfering behavior over a time interval.
- DRL (Low Rates): Reinforce behavior that occurs at reduced rates (not eliminating it entirely).
- DRH (High Rates): Reinforce when a behavior occurs at higher or more appropriate rates (e.g., task completion).
Each type of differential reinforcement is selected based on the individual goals of the learner and the function of the behavior.
FAQs About Differential Reinforcement in ABA Therapy
What does differential reinforcement mean in ABA?
Differential reinforcement is a strategy that rewards specific desired behaviors while withholding reinforcement for interfering behaviors. It helps teach and shape more functional responses.
When is differential reinforcement used in ABA?
It’s used when a behavior needs to be increased or decreased based on its impact on learning, safety, or social interaction..
How is differential reinforcement different from punishment?
Punishment involves applying a consequence to reduce a behavior, whereas differential reinforcement increases positive behavior by making it more rewarding. It’s a proactive and positive approach.
Can differential reinforcement be used at home?
Yes. Parents and caregivers can use differential reinforcement strategies with guidance from ABA professionals. For example, praising a child when they ask nicely instead of whining is a simple form of DRA.
Is differential reinforcement evidence-based?
Yes. Differential reinforcement is supported by extensive research and is considered an evidence-based practice in autism interventions.
Key Takeaways: What to Know About Differential Reinforcement
- Differential reinforcement helps increase appropriate behaviors and reduce interfering behaviors.
- It includes several types: DRA, DRI, DRO, DRL, and DRH.
- Clinicians use this strategy to teach communication, reduce frustration, and support learning.
- It is positive, individualized, and grounded in evidence-based practices.
- Parents and caregivers can apply it with professional support to improve consistency at home.
